How Light Bends Through Curved Surfaces: The Geometry of Refraction
Light does not travel in straight lines through space alone—it bends meaningfully when passing through media and, critically, through surfaces shaped by curvature. Beyond flat interfaces, the geometry of a surface—its Gaussian curvature, topology, and local metric structure—dictates how light paths curve, focus, or spread. This deep interplay transforms optical behavior from passive refraction into …
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